基于化工改性技术的生物炭肥料优化及其对农田土壤培肥、作物增产的应用研究
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聂佳磊
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江苏海洋大学，江苏连云港，222005
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摘要：针对我国农田长期连作、过量施肥造成土壤退化、肥料低效等问题，原始生物炭孔隙闭塞、表面活性不足，田间改土增产效果有限。本研究采用酸碱耦合活化 - 养分螯合绿色化工工艺改性秸秆生物炭，制备缓释型炭基肥料；以华北潮土、夏玉米为对象，设常规施肥、原始生物炭、改性生物炭减量配施三组田间试验，探究改性提升生物炭农用性能的机理与应用效果。结果表明：改性可疏通炭孔隙、富集活性官能团，其比表面积、总孔容、养分负载率较原料炭分别提升 42.35%、38.62%、88.67%；该肥料降低土壤容重、提升有机质与速效养分，修复退化耕地，增强玉米光合效率，化肥减量 20% 仍增产 14.77%，兼具节肥、改土、增产、生态修复多重效益。研究构建农化融合改性技术体系，为耕地保育、化肥减量与低碳农业提供理论及技术支撑。
关健词：生物炭；绿色化工改性；缓释肥料；土壤培肥；光合生理；作物产量；农化融合 |
Optimization of Biochar Fertilizer Based on Chemical Modification Technology and Its Application on Farmland Soil Fertility Improvement and Crop Yield Increase
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Jialei Nie
Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang Jiangsu 222005, China
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Abstract： Long-term continuous cropping and over-fertilization cause soil degradation and low fertilizer efficiency in China’s farmlands. Raw biochar has blocked pores and weak surface activity, limiting its field effects on soil and crop yield. This study modified straw biochar via acid-base coupling activation and nutrient chelation to produce slow-release biochar fertilizer. Three field treatments (conventional fertilization, raw biochar, reduced fertilization with modified biochar) were carried out on North China fluvo-aquic soil with summer maize to explore the modification mechanism and field performance. Results show the modification unclogs pores and enriches functional groups; its specific surface area, total pore volume and nutrient loading rate rise by 42.35%, 38.62% and 88.67%. The fertilizer cuts soil bulk density, raises organic matter and available nutrients, restores degraded soil and improves maize photosynthesis. It raises yield by 14.77% with 20% less chemical fertilizer, bringing benefits of fertilizer saving, soil improvement, yield growth and ecological restoration. This agrochemical modification system offers theoretical and technical support for farmland protection, fertilizer reduction and low-carbon agriculture.
Keywords : biochar; green chemical modification; slow-release fertilizer; soil fertility improvement; photosynthetic physiology; crop yield; agro-chemical integration
参考文献
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